Advanced GUIDO Format - Specification (Draft)

1 Introduction

general extensions:
- named tag parameters
- parameter values with units
- new tags and extended usage

2 Note Attributes

2.1 Note heads and stems

2.1.1 \noteFormat

Parameters (in the order of their default positions):

• style - shape of note heads
  standard values:
  • "standard" - standard, oval note heads
  • "diamond" - diamond note heads
  • "square" - square note heads
  • "x" - x-shaped note heads
  • "noHeads" - no note heads (only stems, flags and beams)

  • "()" - enclose note heads in round brackets
  • "[]" - enclose note heads in square brackets
  • "<>" - enclose note heads in angled brackets
  • "(S)" - S is one of the styles from above, uses that shape and encloses note heads in round brackets
  • "[S]" - S is one of the styles from above, uses that shape and encloses note heads in square brackets
  • "<S>" - S is one of the styles from above, uses that shape and encloses note heads in angled brackets

  default value: none, see Semantics

• size - size of note heads, as a factor relative to the space between the lines of the current staff.
  default value: none, see Semantics

Range: optional

Semantics:

• If size or style are not specified when using \noteFormat, their current settings remain unaffected. If not modified using \noteFormat, the default settings are size=1.0, style="standard".
• The specified parameters are applied to all notes within the range of \noteFormat, or, if no range is specified, until (i) the next \noteFormat tag changing that parameter or (ii) the end of the current voice.

Remarks:

• The form \noteFormat<size> may be used as an abbreviation for \noteFormat<size=size>
• The parameterless form \noteFormat has no effect and should not be used.
• The absolute size of the note heads is determined by the size parameter of \noteFormat and the \staffFormat tag.
• If the style parameter specifies the use of brackets, these are applied to each note head individually.
• To realise bracketed notes (or chords), alternately the \bracket tag can be used.
• For bracketed dotted notes, the dots are included in the brackets.

	\noteFormat<size=0.75>
	\noteFormat<0.75>
	\noteFormat<"x">
	\noteFormat<style="diamond",size=1.0>
	\noteFormat<"()",0.75>
	\noteFormat<"(x)",0.5>
	...

2.1.2 \headsNormal, \headsReverse, \headsCenter

Parameters: none

Range: optional

Semantics:

• If none of these tags is explicitly specified for a voice, \headsNormal is assumed.
• The head position is applied to all notes within the range of the respective tag, or, if no range is specified, until (i) the next \heads* tag occurs or (ii) the end of the current voice.

Remarks:

• \headsCenter is intended mainly for use with x- and diamond-shaped note heads.

	\headsLeft( ... )
	\headsLeft ... \headsRight
	\noteFormat<"diamond">( \headsLeft ( ... ) )
	...

2.1.3 \bracket

Parameters (in the order of their default positions):

• style - type of brackets
  standard values:
  • "()" - round brackets left and right
  • "[]" - square brackets left and right
  • "<>" - angled brackets left and right
  • "(","[","<" - single left bracket
  • ")","]",">" - single right bracket

  default value: "()"

Range: obligatory

Semantics:

• Applies the specified bracket type to all notes and chords within its range.
• For simple notes, brackets are applied to the note head (as with \noteFormat).
• For chords, the brackets are applied to the chord as a whole, ranging from the lowest to the highest voice. To bracket single notes within chords, apply bracket to these or use \noteFormat.
• For dotted notes, the dots are included in the brackets.

Remarks:

• (none)

	\bracket<"()">( ... )
	\bracket<"[">( ... )
	\bracket( ... )
	...

2.1.4 \stemsOff

Parameters: none

Range: optional

Semantics:

• The stems, flags, and beams are not displayed for all notes within the range, or, if no range is specified, until (i) the next \stemsUp, \stemsDown, or \stemsAuto tag occurs or (ii) the end of the current voice.

Remarks:

• To switch off display of note heads, use \noteFormat.

	\stemsOff ...
	\stemsOff( ... )

2.1.5 \stemsUp, \stemsDown, \stemsAuto

Parameters (in the order of their default positions):

• length - length of stems in halfspaces
  default value: 7.0 for \stemsAuto; none for \stemsUp, \stemsDown, see Semantics

Range: optional

Semantics:

• If none of these tags is explicitly specified for a voice, \stemsAuto is assumed.
• For \stemsAuto, the usual rules are applied for determining stem directions are used.
• If length is not specified when using \stemsUp or \stemsDown, the current settings remains unaffected; for \stemsAuto, a default value of length=10.0 is assumed. If not modified using \stemsUp, \stemsDown, or \stemsAuto,the default setting are is length=7.0.
• When the stem length is specified for beamed groups, it is applied only to the outermost notes of the group, while the stems of the remaining notes of the group are determined by the beam position. If the beam position is specified with the \beam tag, this overrides the stem length setting.
• These tags are applied to all notes within their range, or, if no range is specified, until (i) the next \stems* tag occurs or (ii) the end of the current voice.

Remarks:

• To switch off display of note stems, use \stemsOff.

	\stemsUp ... \stemsAuto
	\stemsDown<12>( ... )

2.1.6 \graceFormat and \cueFormat

Parameters: (see \noteFormat)

Range: optional

Semantics:

• Analogous to \noteFormat. \graceFormat and \cueFormat apply only to grace and cue notes, respectively. \noteFormat does not apply to grace and cue notes.

Remarks:

• The forms \graceFormat<size> and \cueFormat<size> may be used as abbreviations for \graceFormat<size=size> and \cueFormat<size=size>
• The parameterless forms \graceFormat and \cueFormat have no effect and should not be used.
• If the style parameter specifies the use of brackets, these are applied to each note head individually.

	\graceFormat<size=0.75>
	\cueFormat<0.75>
	\cueFormat<"x">
	\graceFormat<"()",0.75>
	...

2.2 Dots and Accidentals

2.2.1 \dotFormat

Parameters (in the order of their default positions):

• dx - horizontal distance between center of leftmost dot and center of note head, in halfspaces of the current system.
  default value: 2.0
• dy - vertical distance between center of dot and center of note head, in halfspaces of the current system.
  default value: none, see Semantics.

Range: optional

Semantics:

• Applied to dotted notes, this tag determines relative position and size of the dots.
• This tag is applied to all notes within its range, or, if no range is specified, until (i) the next \dotFormat tag occurs or (ii) the end of the current voice.
• IF dy is not specified, a value of 0.0 is assumed for notes between staff lines, 1.0 for notes on staff lines.

Remarks:

• (none)

	\dotFormat<2.5,-1,0.2>(c/2. d&/4.. e&/16)
	...

2.2.2 \acc

Parameters (in the order of their default positions):

• dx - horizontal distance between center of rightmost accidental and center of note head, in halfspaces of the current system.
  default value: -2.0
• style - allows accidentals to be bracketed.
  standard values:
  • "" - no brackets
  • "standard" - no brackets
  • "()" - round brackets
  • "[]" - square brackets

  default value: ""

• size - size of accidental, as a factor relative to the size of the note head.
  default value: 1.0

Range: obligatory

Semantics:

• Forces implicit accidentals (in particular, natural signs) of all notes in its range to be displayed.
• \acc is a purely graphical tag, it does NOT affect the sounding pitch of notes.

Remarks:

• To display accidentals above or below notes (musica ficta), use the \ficta tag.

	\acc(c1/4  c# d&)
	\acc<dx=-2.0, style="()", size=0.8>(c1##/8)
	c#1/4 \acc<style="()">(c)
	...

  % for ficta noteFormat:
  %   ref. pos. for acc is center of acc.symbol, dy inst. of dx,
  %   dy is max (dist from notehead, dist from top of staff)

+ ficta (accidentals above noteheads)
  -> \noteFormat<"ficta",size>
??  maybe better: \acc<dy,"ficta">, or even \ficta<dy,style,size>

2.3 Miscellaneous

2.3.1 \tuplet

Parameters (in the order of their default positions):

• format - formatting of the tuplet indication and brace
  standard values:
  "" - no tuplet indication, no bracket "x" - tuplet indication x, no bracket "x:y" - tuplet indication x:y, no bracket "--" - no tuplet indication, just a bracket "-x-" - tuplet indication x, with bracket "-x:y-" - tuplet indication x:y, with bracket
  
  default value: "-x-" for unbeamed groups and where "x" for beamed groups; x is inferred from the note durations.
• dy1 - vertical distance between center of leftmost note head in the tuplet group and the left end of the tuplet bracket, measured in halfspaces of the current system.
  default value: none, see Semantics.
• dy2 - vertical distance between center of rightmost note head in the tuplet group and the right end of the tuplet bracket, measured in halfspaces of the current system.
  default value: none, see Semantics.

Range: obligatory

Semantics:

• Causes the tuplet indication and, if specified, a bracket to be displayed for the tuplet group.
• \tuplet is a a purely graphical tag, it does NOT affect the interpretation of note durations.
• If dy1, dy2 are both missing, the vertical position of the indication and bracket is automatically inferred.
• If only dy1 and not dy2 is specified, dy2=dy1 is assumed.

Remarks:

• The parameterless from of \tuplet forces a tuplet indication to be displayed even for regular durational values.
• The forms \tuplet<y1> \tuplet<y1,y2> can be used as an abbreviation for \tuplet<dy1=y1,dy2=y2>. parameterless from of \tuplet forces a tuplet indication to be displayed

	\tuplet<"-3-">(c1/6 c d) e/2
	\tuplet<"-3:2-">(c1/6 c d) e/2
	\tuplet<-5.0>(c1/6 c d) e/2
	\tuplet<-5.0,-4.0>(c1/6 c d) e/2
	\tuplet(c1/4 c4 c4) e/4. f/4.
	...

2.3.2 \ledgersOn and \ledgersOff

Parameters: none

Range: optional

Semantics:

• \ledgersOn causes ledger lines to be displayed; \ledgersOff suppresses the display of ledger lines.
• If none of these tags is explicitly specified for a voice, \ledgersOn is assumed.
• This setting is applied to all notes within the range of the respective tag, or, if no range is specified, until (i) the next \ledgers* tag occurs or (ii) the end of the current voice.

Remarks:

• (none)

	\ledgersOff a2/4 g g \ledgersOn g a/2
	\ledgersOff( a0/4 g g ) g a/2
	...

2.3.3 \silent

Parameters: none

Range: obligatory

Semantics:

• Applies to all notes within its range.

Remarks:

• Use \silentFormat to control the graphical appearance of silent notes.

	b0/2 \silent(a/4 b) c1/2
	...

2.3.4 \silentFormat

Parameters: (see \noteFormat)

Range: optional

Semantics:

• Analogous to \noteFormat. \silentFormat apply only to silent notes. \noteFormat does not apply to grace and cue notes.

Remarks:

• The form \silentFormat<size> may be used as an abbreviation for \silentFormat<size=size>
• The parameterless forms \silentFormat has no effect and should not be used.
• If the style parameter specifies the use of brackets, these are applied to each note head individually.

	\silentFormat<style="diamond", size=0.75>
	\silentFormat<0.75>
	\silentFormat<"x">
	\silentFormat<"()",0.75>
	...

3 Exact Spacing and Score Formatting

3.1 Page layout and spacing

+ selection of length units:
  \units<type>
  % type = "mm","inch","pt"
  % affects interpretation of all absolute dimensions

+ page layout:
  \pageFormat<format>
  \pageFormat<format,lm,tm,rm,mb>
  \pageFormat<h,w,lm,tm,rm,mb>
  % height, width, margins in length units
  % format = "A4", "letter", ...

+ page break
  \newPage

+ relating metrical units (x dimension) to halfspaces (y dimension):
  \spacing<"1/4=4.5">
  % can be used to realise stretching of measures
  % applies to all staves!
  % (former hSpace)

+ explicit horizontal spacing between elements:
  \space<dxh>
  % x \space<10.2> y
  % forces 10.2 halfspaces betw. element x and y,
  % overrides automatic spacing
  % this can also be used to realise space before and
  % after barlines etc.

+ explicit vertical spacing:
  \staff<i,dy>, \staff<s,dy>
  % dy = vertical space between bottom line of this staff
  % and top line of next staff
  % measured in halfspaces of this staff

3.2 Staff and system layout

+ staff layout:
  \staffFormat<format, size>
   % format = "standard", "n-line"
   % size = halfspaces / length unit
   % y ref.pos = lowest staff line

+ accolades
  \accolBegin,\accolEnd
  \accolBegin<type>
  % type = "standard" = "straightBrace", "curlyBrace", "thinBrace", "none"

+ system braces
  \systemFormat<type>
  % type = "standard" = "straightBrace", "curlyBrace", "thinBrace", "none"
  % this tag is used for overall brace (need not be specified by \accolBegin,\accolEnd

+ line break
  \newLine,
  \newLine<dx,dy>
  % left indent dx length units, additional vspace before
  % next line of dy length units

+ end of staff
  \staffOff
  % ends current staff at current x position
  % used to realise staves which do not extend over full
  %   width of page

3.3 Exact positioning and formatting of Basic GUIDO elements

define ereference points and scales for all positionable
/ sizeable objects.

  symbols, noteheads:
  reference point = xy center of symbol

  \intens<s,dx,dy,size>
  \intens<s,r,dx,dy,size>

  \cresc<s,r,"<", dx1,dy1,dx2,dy2,h>
  \cresc<s,r,"-", dx,dy,size>
  \crescBegin<"<", dx1,dy1>
  \crescEnd<s,r,dx2,dy2,h>
  \crescBegin<"-", dx,dy,size>
  \crescEnd<s,r>
  [same for \dim]

  \tempo<s,s2,dx,dy,size>
  \accel<s,s2,dx1,dy1,dx2,dy2,size>
  \accelBegin<dx1,dy1>
  \accelEnd<s,s2,dx2,dy2>
  [same for rit]

  \instr<s,dx,dy,size>
  \instr<s,s2,dx,dy,size>

  \tie<dy,h>
  \tie<dx1,dy1,dx2,dy2,h>

  \stacc<dy>
  \stacc<dx,dy,size>
  \ten<dy>
  \ten<dx,dy,size>
  \marcato<dy>
  \marcato<dx,dy,size>
  \accent<dy>
  \accent<dx,dy,size>

  \trill<dx,dy,size>
  \trill<i,dx,dy,size>
  \mord<dx,dy,size>
  \mord<i,dx,dy,size>
  \turn<dx,dy,size>
  \turn<i,dx,dy,size>

  \trem<n,dy> % n trem beams
  \trem<i,n,dy> % n trem beams

  \fermata<r> % r beats pause
  \fermata<r,dx,dy,size> % r beats pause

  \grace<i,format> % format="/" slashed, "()" group bracketed, "(/)" both

  \clef<s,size>
  \meter<s,size>
  \key<s,size>

  \oct<i,dy,size>
  \oct<i,dx1,dy1,dx2,dy2,size>

  \title<s,dxx,dyy,adj,font,size>
  \composer<s,dxx,dyy,adj,font,size>
  % dxx,dyy = positions in units rel to tl corner of page
  % adj = "lt", "lc", ..., "rb" (l,c,r;t,c,b)

3.4 Text formatting and lyrics

+ text format:
  \textFormat<font, size>
  % size in length units

- text adjustment, multi-line text
  \text<s,dx,dy,adj>
  % adj="xy", x=l,c,r; y=t,c,b; standard="lt"
  % line breaks in text "... // ..."
  % use \/ for "/"

- lyrics:
  \lyrics<s,...> (or \text<s,...>??)
  % s="Oh / ca-ra _ _ / mi _ / a"
  % "/" indicates next note
  % "_" extends last syllable of word
  % "-" extends syllable within word
  % use \/ for "/", \_ for "_"

4 More Articulation Marks, Barline Types and Symbols

4.1 Articulation marks

4.1.1 \staccmo

Parameters (in the order of their default positions):

• dy - vertical distance between center of symbol and center of associated note head, in halfspaces of the current system.
  default value: none, see Semantics.
• size - size of symbol, as a factor relative to the size of the note head.
  default value: 1.0

Range: optional

Semantics:

• If no range is specified, applies to the next note.
• If a range is specified, applies to all notes within its range.
• If no dy value is specified, the vertical position is automatically determined such that it is above the staff and collisions are avoided.
• The size of the symbol depends on the size of the note heads it is associated with.

Remarks:

• (none)

	\staccmo ...
	\staccmo( ... )

4.1.2 \accentTen

Parameters (in the order of their default positions):

• dy - vertical distance between center of symbol and center of associated note head, in halfspaces of the current system.
  default value: none, see Semantics.
• size - size of symbol, as a factor relative to the size of the note head.
  default value: 1.0

Range: optional

Semantics:

• If no range is specified, applies to the next note.
• If a range is specified, applies to all notes within its range.
• If no dy value is specified, the vertical position is automatically determined such that it is above the staff and collisions are avoided.
• The size of the symbol depends on the size of the note heads it is associated with.

Remarks:

• (none)

	\accentTen ...
	\accentTen( ... )

4.1.3 \accentStacc

Parameters (in the order of their default positions):

• dy - vertical distance between center of symbol and center of associated note head, in halfspaces of the current system.
  default value: none, see Semantics.
• size - size of symbol, as a factor relative to the size of the note head.
  default value: 1.0

Range: optional

Semantics:

• If no range is specified, applies to the next note.
• If a range is specified, applies to all notes within its range.
• If no dy value is specified, the vertical position is automatically determined such that it is above the staff and collisions are avoided.
• The size of the symbol depends on the size of the note heads it is associated with.

Remarks:

• (none)

	\accentStacc ...
	\accentStacc( ... )

4.1.4 \tenStacc

Parameters (in the order of their default positions):

• dy - vertical distance between center of symbol and center of associated note head, in halfspaces of the current system.
  default value: none, see Semantics.
• size - size of symbol, as a factor relative to the size of the note head.
  default value: 1.0

Range: optional

Semantics:

• If no range is specified, applies to the next note.
• If a range is specified, applies to all notes within its range.
• If no dy value is specified, the vertical position is automatically determined such that it is above the staff and collisions are avoided.
• The size of the symbol depends on the size of the note heads it is associated with.

Remarks:

• (none)

	\tenStacc ...
	\tenStacc( ... )

4.1.5 \marcatoStacc

Parameters (in the order of their default positions):

• dy - vertical distance between center of symbol and center of associated note head, in halfspaces of the current system.
  default value: none, see Semantics.
• size - size of symbol, as a factor relative to the size of the note head.
  default value: 1.0

Range: optional

Semantics:

• If no range is specified, applies to the next note.
• If a range is specified, applies to all notes within its range.
• If no dy value is specified, the vertical position is automatically determined such that it is above the staff and collisions are avoided.
• The size of the symbol depends on the size of the note heads it is associated with.

Remarks:

• (none)

	\marcatoStacc ...
	\marcatoStacc( ... )

  \hornOpen   % small o above note
  \hornClosed % small + above note

  \harmonic   % small o above note
  %>> for fluttertongue use trem

4.2 Barline types

open issues:
- use rather \bar with extra style param??
- distinguish purely graphical forms \bar from those indicating start of measure \measure??
  (could also use \barline, \bar to be consistent w/ Basic GUIDO)
- need global tag for measure numbering (style, size, on/off, position)?

4.2.1 \thinDoubleBar

Parameters (in the order of their default positions):

• measureNum - set measure number to specific value.
  default value: none, see Semantics.

Range: none

Semantics:

• If no measureNum value is specified, the current measure number is increased by one.

Remarks:

• Do not use this tag for double lines before key or meter changes, as these are automatically inferred from the respective tags.

	(see \bar)

4.2.2 \dottedBar

Parameters (in the order of their default positions):

• measureNum - set measure number to specific value.
  default value: none, see Semantics.

Range: none

Semantics:

• If no measureNum value is specified, the current measure number is increased by one.

Remarks:

• Do not use this tag for dotted lines indicating metric subdivisions within bars, use \tactus instead.

	(see \bar)

open issues:
- use rather \bar with extra style param??
- distinguish purely graphical forms \bar from those indicating start of measure \measure??
  (could also use \barline, \bar to be consistent w/ Basic GUIDO)
- need global tag for measure numbering (style, size, on/off, position)?

4.2.3  \repeatBeginBar, \repeatEndBar, \repeatEndBeginBar

4.2.4 \barFormat

Parameters (in the order of their default positions):

• style - graphic apperance of barlines
  standard values:
  • "staff" - barlines only within staves
  • "accolade" - barlines across accolades
  • "system" - barlines across whole system
  • "mensur" - barlines only between staves, no splitting and tieing of notes across barlines

  default value: "staff"

Range: none

Semantics:

• This tag affects the graphic appearance of all subsequent barlines, across all voices.

Remarks:

• (none)

	(...)

open issues:
- include default style for \bar (standard, dotted, subdivided, ...) ???

4.3 Miscellaneous

4.3.1 \upBow, \downBow

Parameters (in the order of their default positions):

• dy - vertical distance between center of symbol and center of associated note head, in halfspaces of the current system.
  default value: none, see Semantics.
• size - size of symbol, as a factor relative to the size of the note head.
  default value: 1.0

Range: optional

Semantics:

• If no range is specified, applies to the next note.
• If a range is specified, applies to all notes within its range.
• If no dy value is specified, the vertical position is automatically determined such that it is above the staff and collisions are avoided.
• The size of the symbol depends on the size of the note heads it is associated with.

Remarks:

• (none)

	\upBow ...
	\downBow( ... )

4.3.2 \pedalBegin, \pedalEnd

Parameters (in the order of their default positions):

• dy - vertical distance between center of symbol and center of associated note head, in halfspaces of the current system.
  default value: none, see Semantics.
• size - size of symbol, as a factor relative to the size of the note head.
  default value: 1.0

Range: none

Semantics:

• \pedalBegin and \pedalEnd occur always as a pair, indicating that the pedal is down between the two tags.
• If a range is specified, applies to all notes within its range.
• If no dy value is specified, the vertical position is automatically determined such that it is below the staff and collisions are avoided.
• The size of the symbol depends on the size of the note heads it is associated with.

Remarks:

• (none)

	\pedalBegin ... \pedalEnd

- breathmark, holdmark
  \breathMark
  \holdMark
  % notation: ' / "

+ fermata longa
  \fermataLonga(notes)
  \fermataLonga
  % notation: square fermata sign

+ repeat measure
  \repeatMeasure  % repeats last measure
  \repeatMeasure<n> % same, n times
  % in certain cases,
  % notation can be infered from \repeatBegin, \repeatEnd

- miscellaneous signs
  \coda  % coda sign (-> kopf)
  \signa  % signa sign (-> dal segno al ...)
  % more ??

5 Other Musical Concepts

5.1 \glissando

Parameters (in the order of their default positions):

• style - graphic apperance of glissando indication
  standard values:
  • "line" - mark glissando with line
  • "wavyLine" - marks glissando with wavy lines

  default value: "line"

Range: obligatory

Semantics:

• Indicates a glissando between the outermost notes of its range; if the range contains more than two notes, the inner notes are interpreted as transitory notes in a glissando chain.

Remarks:

• (none)

	(...)

open issues:
- playback?

- arpeggio
  \arpeggio(chord)

- vibrato, non vibr, ringoffs, indef ringoffs
  ??

- general ornaments
  \orn<style,speed,dx,dy,size>(chords)
  % style = "turn", "invTurn", "mord", "invMord"

- \fingeredTrem(chords)
  \fingeredTrem<i>(chords)
  \fingeredTrem<n,dy>(chords)
  \fingeredTrem<i,n,dy>(chords)
  % fingered tremolo

- clusters
  \cluster(chord)   % chrom cluster
  \bCluster(chord)  % black cluster
  \wCluster(chord)  % white cluster

+ microtonal alterations:
  \alter<x>(notes)
  % int/float x = alteration in semitones
  % notation: alt in semitones above note

+ extended tempo indications:
  e.g., \tempo<str, "1/4=1/8">

+ "empty" rests
  notename "blank" (and "rest"="_"?)

+ figured bass
  \figured<fig>(notes)
  \figured<fig,dy>(notes)
  fig is a string containing a number of the following
  symbols, seperated by commata:
  - n (1,2,...)
  - n/ (slashed n)
  - &,#,n (flat,sharp,natural) and combinations of those
  - "-" to indicate dash for corr figure on that note / range
  - n+
  e.g.: "3,5" "-,5/,6&" "4,-,n"
  -> 3 is extended over first two chords,
     5 over last two chords
  % notation: symbols fig under first note, extended hor
  %  line to end of range

- proportional notation: (noteheads with vertical lines)
  -> \noteFormat<"proportional",size>

6 Arbitrary Graphical Elements

+ graphic symbols
  \symbol<id-str, dx,dy, width, height>
  % dx, width in metrical units,
  % dy, height in halfspaces
  % y reference point is lowest staff line
  % use only when no other tag available

Acknowledgements

Index \noteFormat, \headsLeft, \headsRight, \headsCenter, \bracket, \stemsOff, \stemsAuto, \stemsUp, \stemsDown, \graceFormat, \cueFormat, \dotFormat, \acc, \tuplet, \ledgersOn, \ledgersOff, \silent, \silentFormat, \units, \pageFormat, \newPage, \spacing, \space, \staff, \staffFormat, \accolBegin, \accolEnd, \systemFormat, \newLine, \staccmo, \accentTen, \accentStacc, \tenStacc, \marcatoStacc, \hornOpen, \hornClosed, \harmonic, \thinDoubleBar, \repeatBeginBar, \repeatEndBar, \repeatEndBeginBar, \dottedBar, \barFormat, \upBow, \downBow, \pedalBegin, \pedalEnd, \fermataLonga, \repeatMeasure, \coda, \signa, \breathMark, \holdMark \gliss, \arpeggio, \orn, \fingeredTrem, \cluster,\bCluster,\wCluster, \figured, \alter, \symbol, ...